Reversible plasticity in brain size, behaviour and physiology characterizes caste transitions in a socially flexible ant ()

Clint A. Penick, Kennesaw State University
Majid Ghaninia, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
Kevin L. Haight, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
Comzit Opachaloemphan, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Hua Yan, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Danny Reinberg, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jürgen Liebig, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

Abstract

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to respond to changing environments throughout their lifetime, but these changes are rarely reversible. Exceptions occur in relatively long-lived vertebrate species that exhibit seasonal plasticity in brain size, although similar changes have not been identified in short-lived species, such as insects. Here, we investigate brain plasticity in reproductive workers of the ant . Unlike most ant species, workers of are capable of sexual reproduction, and they compete in a dominance tournament to establish a group of reproductive workers, termed 'gamergates'. We demonstrated that, compared to foragers, gamergates exhibited a 19% reduction in brain volume in addition to significant differences in behaviour, ovarian status, venom production, cuticular hydrocarbon profile, and expression profiles of related genes. In experimentally manipulated gamergates, 6-8 weeks after being reverted back to non-reproductive status their phenotypes shifted to the forager phenotype across all traits we measured, including brain volume, a trait in which changes were previously shown to be irreversible in honeybees and . Brain plasticity in is therefore more similar to that found in some long-lived vertebrates that display reversible changes in brain volume throughout their lifetimes.